Chart of Accounts

The standardized chart underlying every course example — six classes, IFRS and US GAAP framework flags, original descriptions with citations to the governing standard.

Standardized — IFRS · US GAAPViệt Nam — Thông tư 99/2025/TT-BTCMore charts:España — PGCRoadmapDeutschland — SKR 04RoadmapMéxico — Código AgrupadorRoadmap中国 — CASRoadmapFrance — PCGRoadmap

1Assets23 accounts

Assets are what a business owns and uses to run — the cash in the bank, the inventory on the shelf, the building it works out of, the patent it holds. If it could be sold or used to make money, it belongs in this class.

1.1Property, plant and equipment9 accounts

1.2Intangible assets4 accounts

1.3Inventory4 accounts

1.4Financial assets6 accounts

2Liabilities9 accounts

Liabilities are what a business owes — the supplier invoice still open, the bank loan outstanding, payroll not yet paid, a warranty claim it expects to honor. Everything here is a cash outflow the business has already committed to.

2.1Trade and other payables3 accounts

2.2Loans and borrowings3 accounts

2.3Provisions3 accounts

3Equity7 accounts

Equity is what's left for the owners once every supplier, lender, and other creditor has been paid — the capital they put in, plus the profit the business has kept rather than paid out as dividends.

3.1Share capital2 accounts

3.2Retained earnings2 accounts

3.3Revaluation surplusIFRS1 accounts

3.4Accumulated other comprehensive incomeUS GAAP2 accounts

4Revenue6 accounts

Revenue is what a business earns doing what it's actually in business to do — selling a product, delivering a service, running its ordinary operations. It's the top line an income statement starts from.

4.1Revenue from goods2 accounts

4.2Revenue from services2 accounts

4.3Other operating income2 accounts

5Expenses9 accounts

Expenses are what it costs a business to earn its revenue — the materials it buys, the people it pays, and the wear on the equipment it runs every day.

5.1Cost of sales2 accounts

5.2Employee benefits expense2 accounts

5.3Depreciation and amortization2 accounts

5.4Other operating expenses3 accounts

6Non-operating items8 accounts

Non-operating items are everything below the line where the core business stops and the financing and tax side of running a company starts — interest paid on a loan, interest earned on a cash balance, a one-off gain from selling an old machine, and the tax bill on all of it.

6.1Gains and losses on disposal2 accounts

6.2Finance income2 accounts

6.3Finance costs2 accounts

6.4Income tax expense2 accounts

Version update

Recent pronouncements affecting how this chart is structured: • IFRS 18 Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements — issued April 2024, effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2027. Replaces IAS 1 and sorts income and expenses into defined operating, investing and financing categories, so the revenue and expense classes above map to the new subtotals. • FASB ASU 2023-08 Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets — effective for fiscal years beginning after 15 December 2024. In-scope crypto assets are measured at fair value with changes in net income and presented separately from other intangible assets, which is why this chart carries a distinct crypto assets line.